In 1986, MDA-supported scientists identified the gene that, when defective, causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Since then, researchers have forged ahead to isolate and characterize genes involved in almost all the neuromuscular disorders in MDA’s program, including those responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). These discoveries have enabled scientists to understand variations among different forms of the diseases and have helped doctors to provide more accurate diagnoses.

Contractures

Contractures develop early in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) and can worsen even if muscle strength doesn’t change. Preventing contractures is difficult, but maintaining range of motion with physical therapy may help to slow their development. Surgical release of contractures is challenging because of their tendency to recur.

What causes EDMD?

Researchers recently have identified the genes that, when defective, lead to the forms of EDMD. We now know that the gene that’s defective in X-linked EDMD makes a small protein called emerin, which normally is located in the membrane that surrounds each cell’s nucleus (the compartment in a cell’s center that contains the chromosomes).

In diagnosing any form of muscular dystrophy, a doctor usually begins by taking a patient and family history and performing a physical examination. Much can be learned from these, including the pattern of weakness. The history and physical go a long way toward making the diagnosis, even before any complicated diagnostic tests are done.

The symptoms of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) usually become apparent by 10 years of age. Early signs include “toe-walking” because of stiff Achilles’ tendons in the heels, and difficulty bending the elbows. Other early symptoms include weakness and wasting of shoulder, upper arm and calf muscles.

The contractures (joint stiffening) that occur early in EDMD may make arm, neck, heel and spine movements difficult. However, progression of muscle weakness seems to occur very slowly in EDMD and may not become a source of difficulty until later in life.